His hair is matted and dirty; he is skinny and weak from going days without food. There is no water for him to drink, no person to give him love and no blanket to keep him warm at night. According to the Humane Society of the United States, nearly 1,, animals are abused or die from abuse every year.
Keep in mind that these three strategies can often overlap. This sentence qualifies as both Logos and Ethos because it cites a reputable organization, so we know the author is using credible sources. Learn more about the Rhetorical Analysis Graphic Organizer. Learn more about the Rhetorical Analysis Sample Essay.
In a rhetorical analysis project, it would be up to you, the analyzer, to point out this move and associate it with a rhetorical strategy. Above, we defined and described what logos, pathos, and ethos are and why authors may use those strategies. Sometimes, using a combination of logical, pathetic, and ethical appeals leads to a sound, balanced, and persuasive argument. It is important to understand, though, that using rhetorical appeals does not always lead to a sound, balanced argument.
In fact, any of the appeals could be misused or overused. When that happens, arguments can be weakened. To see what a misuse of logical appeals might consist of, see the next chapter, Logical Fallacies. To see how authors can overuse emotional appeals and turn-off their target audience, visit the following link from WritingCommons. To see how ethos can be misused or used in a manner that may be misleading, visit the following link to WritingCommons.
Skip to content Increase Font Size. Chapter 6: Thinking and Analyzing Rhetorically. Logos: Appeal to Logic Logic.
Logical appeals rest on rational modes of thinking , such as Comparison — a comparison between one thing with regard to your topic and another, similar thing to help support your claim. It is important that the comparison is fair and valid — the things being compared must share significant traits of similarity.
Pathetic appeals might include Expressive descriptions of people, places, or events that help the reader to feel or experience those events Vivid imagery of people, places or events that help the reader to feel like he or she is seeing those events Sharing personal stories that make the reader feel a connection to, or empathy for, the person being described Using emotion-laden vocabulary as a way to put the reader into that specific emotional mindset what is the author trying to make the audience feel?
Using any information that will evoke an emotional response from the audience. The audience sees her as someone worth listening to—a clear or insightful thinker, or at least someone who is well-informed and genuinely interested in the topic. Some of the above questions may strike you as relevant to an evaluation of logos as well as ethos—questions about the completeness and accuracy of information and whether it is used fairly.
In fact, illogical thinking and the misuse of evidence may lead an audience to draw conclusions not only about the person making the argument but also about the logic of an argument. In a perfect world, everyone would tell the truth and we could depend upon the credibility of speakers and authors. Unfortunately, that is not always the case. You would expect that news reporters would be objective and tell new stories based upon the facts.
Janet Cooke, Stephen Glass, Jayson Blair, and Brian Williams all lost their jobs for plagiarizing or fabricated part of their news stories.
After 28 years of employment, it was determined that she never graduated from college Lewin, Beyond lying about their own credentials, authors may employ a number of tricks or fallacies to lure you to their point of view. Some of the more common techniques are described below. Others may be found in the appendix. When you recognize these fallacies being committed you should question the credibility of the speaker and the legitimacy of the argument. If you use these when making your own arguments, be aware that they may undermine or destroy your credibility.
Ad hominem : attacking the person making an argument rather than the argument itself. Guilt by association : linking the person making an argument to an unpopular person or group.
Examples: In politics, decorating a stage with red, white, and blue flags and bunting; in advertising, using pleasant or wholesome settings as the backdrop for print or video ads. Testimonial fallacy : inserting an endorsement of the argument by someone who is popular or respected but who lacks expertise or authority in the area under discussion. The most general structure of this argument runs something like the following: Person A claims that Person A is a respected scientist or other authority; therefore, the claim they make is true.
When you evaluate an appeal to logos , you consider how logical the argument is and how well-supported it is in terms of evidence. You are asking yourself what elements of the essay or speech would cause an audience to believe that the argument is or is not logical and supported by appropriate evidence.
Diagramming the argument can help you determine if an appeal to logos is manipulative. Are the premises true? Does the conclusion follow logically from the premises? Is there sufficient, typical, accurate, and relevant evidence to support inductive reasoning? Is the speaker or author attempting to divert your attention from the real issues? These are some of the elements you might consider while evaluating an argument for the use of logos. Pay particular attention to numbers, statistics, findings, and quotes used to support an argument.
It is so often discussed that we assume it must be true. Careful research will show that the original marriage study was flawed, and divorce rates in America have steadily declined since Peck, If there is no scientific evidence, why do we continue to believe it?
Part of the reason might be that it supports our idea of the dissolution of the American family. Fallacies that misuse appeals to logos or attempt to manipulate the logic of an argument are discussed below. Other fallacies of logos may be found in the appendix. Hasty generalization: jumping to conclusions based upon an unrepresentative sample or insufficient evidence.
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